Scope of anatomy & physiology
   Anatomy is the science of  body structures and the relationship among structures.

PHYSIOLOGY is the science of body functions – how body works.

Anatomical plane

•Plane:-Imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or body part

•Sagittal Plane-is the vertical plane that divides boy or organ into right and left sides.

•When such a plane passes through the midline of body or organ and divides into equal right and left sides, it is called midsagittal plane.

•Frontal/Coronal Plane-Plane divides body or organ into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions

•Transverse Plane-Plane divides body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

•Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes are right angles to one another. 

•Directional term describe the position of one body part relative to another.

•Superior-Toward the head or upper part of the structure

•Inferior-Away from head or lower part of the structure

•Anterior-Nearer to or at the front of body

•Posterior-Nearer to at the back of body

•Medial-Nearer to midline

•Lateral-Farther from midline

•Intermediate-between two structures

•Ipsilateral-On the same side of the body as another structure

•Contralateral-On the opposite side of the body from another structure

•Proximal-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of structure

•Distal- Farther from attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of structure

•Body cavities are spaces that help protect, separate and support internal organs.

•Major cavities of body-Dorsal and Ventral body cavity

•DORSAL BODY CAVITY-

•Located near posterior surface of body

•It has 2 subdivisions: Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal

Q. Draw layout oh hospital pharmacy.
Ans.

Q.Describe location and layout of Outpatient Dispensary.
Ans. Location-
It should be located near main entrance of the office and the hospital and minimum disturbances
to inpatient unit. It must be located on ground floor
For location of this service three provisions are made
1) A separate outpatient dispensing pharmacy is set up.
2)A combined unit service for in-patients and outpatients from same window
3) A combined unit service for inpatients and outpatients from different windows.
When the outpatient department and pharmacy are geographically widely separated, a separate
outpatient dispensing pharmacy is set up.
Layout




1. Table and chair, 2.Preparation table, 3.Storage rack, 4. Sink with tap,
5. Medicine platform 6.Dispensing window
1) The layout of this unit is important since it carries the good or bad impression about the
hospital depending on the services the outpatient gets.
2) The unit should be provided with two windows, one for receiving the prescription and other
for delivery.
3) When the prescription is being compounded, the patients have to wait for some time. Hence
waiting area should be provided.
4) The waiting room should be clean and ventilated with sufficient no. of comfortable seats.
5) In the waiting room, general publications regarding pharmacy and medicines should be
provided. It also includes magazines and news papers
6) The waiting period should be kept minimum to avoid overcrowding.
7) In the waiting room the wall posters should be displayed through which patients can learn
about the family planning methods and general hygiene.
8) Thus the waiting room of the outpatient dispensing unit should be good place for educating
the patients on matters relating to the health and hygiene.`
9) There should be consulting room and store room.

Q. Explain the process of dispensing drugs to outpatients in typical hospital. OR
Explain receipt and issue system in outpatient dispensing

1.Patient in his first visit to OPD goes to registration counter .Take case paper after paying nominal fees .

2. Then patient goes to general check up counter –guided for medical department on the basis of clinical symptom .

3.Physician write prescription for patient and he submitted it to pharmacy dept. where Rx is compounded and dispensed by pharmacist.

4.Pharmacist number the Rx ,moniter it and assemble the materials and equipment for compounding.

5. Pharmacist give token to the patient so patient and Rx can be identified.

6. Compounded Rx filled in suitable container ,packaged, labelled and priced reasonably.

7. Pharmacist record Rx in a register for accounting purpose .

8.While dispencing and compounding the drug correct delivery is ensured by chaecking token number.
For his next visit Rx is given back to the patient.