Scope of anatomy & physiology
   Anatomy is the science of  body structures and the relationship among structures.

PHYSIOLOGY is the science of body functions – how body works.

Anatomical plane

•Plane:-Imaginary flat surface that passes through the body or body part

•Sagittal Plane-is the vertical plane that divides boy or organ into right and left sides.

•When such a plane passes through the midline of body or organ and divides into equal right and left sides, it is called midsagittal plane.

•Frontal/Coronal Plane-Plane divides body or organ into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions

•Transverse Plane-Plane divides body or an organ into superior and inferior portions

•Sagittal, frontal and transverse planes are right angles to one another. 

•Directional term describe the position of one body part relative to another.

•Superior-Toward the head or upper part of the structure

•Inferior-Away from head or lower part of the structure

•Anterior-Nearer to or at the front of body

•Posterior-Nearer to at the back of body

•Medial-Nearer to midline

•Lateral-Farther from midline

•Intermediate-between two structures

•Ipsilateral-On the same side of the body as another structure

•Contralateral-On the opposite side of the body from another structure

•Proximal-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of structure

•Distal- Farther from attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of structure

•Body cavities are spaces that help protect, separate and support internal organs.

•Major cavities of body-Dorsal and Ventral body cavity

•DORSAL BODY CAVITY-

•Located near posterior surface of body

•It has 2 subdivisions: Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal

Q. Draw layout oh hospital pharmacy.
Ans.

Q.Describe location and layout of Outpatient Dispensary.
Ans. Location-
It should be located near main entrance of the office and the hospital and minimum disturbances
to inpatient unit. It must be located on ground floor
For location of this service three provisions are made
1) A separate outpatient dispensing pharmacy is set up.
2)A combined unit service for in-patients and outpatients from same window
3) A combined unit service for inpatients and outpatients from different windows.
When the outpatient department and pharmacy are geographically widely separated, a separate
outpatient dispensing pharmacy is set up.
Layout




1. Table and chair, 2.Preparation table, 3.Storage rack, 4. Sink with tap,
5. Medicine platform 6.Dispensing window
1) The layout of this unit is important since it carries the good or bad impression about the
hospital depending on the services the outpatient gets.
2) The unit should be provided with two windows, one for receiving the prescription and other
for delivery.
3) When the prescription is being compounded, the patients have to wait for some time. Hence
waiting area should be provided.
4) The waiting room should be clean and ventilated with sufficient no. of comfortable seats.
5) In the waiting room, general publications regarding pharmacy and medicines should be
provided. It also includes magazines and news papers
6) The waiting period should be kept minimum to avoid overcrowding.
7) In the waiting room the wall posters should be displayed through which patients can learn
about the family planning methods and general hygiene.
8) Thus the waiting room of the outpatient dispensing unit should be good place for educating
the patients on matters relating to the health and hygiene.`
9) There should be consulting room and store room.

Q. Explain the process of dispensing drugs to outpatients in typical hospital. OR
Explain receipt and issue system in outpatient dispensing

1.Patient in his first visit to OPD goes to registration counter .Take case paper after paying nominal fees .

2. Then patient goes to general check up counter –guided for medical department on the basis of clinical symptom .

3.Physician write prescription for patient and he submitted it to pharmacy dept. where Rx is compounded and dispensed by pharmacist.

4.Pharmacist number the Rx ,moniter it and assemble the materials and equipment for compounding.

5. Pharmacist give token to the patient so patient and Rx can be identified.

6. Compounded Rx filled in suitable container ,packaged, labelled and priced reasonably.

7. Pharmacist record Rx in a register for accounting purpose .

8.While dispencing and compounding the drug correct delivery is ensured by chaecking token number.
For his next visit Rx is given back to the patient.

Q. What is satellite pharmacy service? Give its location and advantage.

Satellite pharmacy services are the sub- pharmacies which receive their supplies from main pharmacy. In hospital, where the main sections of pharmacy such as storing, manufacturing, dispensing are separated from each other it is advisable to develop satellite pharmacies at the nursing station.

Location:  Satellite pharmacies are located on each floor or alternate floor of the hospital. This concept is being adopted in very big hospitals which have multistoried  building in a single premises.

Advantages:

1. Availability of pharmacist to the patient and nursing for counselling.
2. Pharmacist at nursing station take patient drug history and monitor patient for drug reaction
3. Drug distributed efficiently.
4. Drug distribution time can be reduced.
5. No error in  drug distribution.

Q.Discuss/ write note on Health delivery system in India.
Ans. Health subject is mention in Concurrent list of constitution of India. Hence in the central government there is “Union ministry of Health and Family Welfare” and in state there is “Ministry of Health” which formulates and plans the overall health schemes. The following chart explains the organization of health delivery system:Oraganisation at Central Government Level
                       Cabinet Rank Minister
                                    |

   Union Ministry of Health & Family Welfare

Minister of State                              Minister of State

Of Health                                             of family Welfare

       |                                                                       |

Secretary                                                      Secretary

      |                                                                        |

Joint secretary                                       Commissioner

       |                                                                       |

Deputy Secretary                             Deputy Commissioners

        |                                                                      |

Director General                                  Joint Secretary

       |                                                                       |

Of Health Services(DGHS)                Deputy secretary

       |                                                                       |

Additional DGHS                               Regional Directors

                |

Dy Director of                                    Dy Director of                                    Dy Director of

Health services:                                                Health Services:                                                Health Services:

Medical care & Hospitals               Public Health                                      General Administration

1.Health Admn for                           1.Public Health & Cholera             1.Central Administration: Civil Services

  (a) International Health               2. Health Education                         2. Supplies

  (b) Medical Care in Hospital       3. National Malaria                          3. Transport

  Eradication Programme              

2. Medical & Professional             4. National Institute of                   4.Workshops

   Education                                         Communicable Diseases

 Organisation of Health at State Government Level:

                                                                Health Minister

                                                                Ministry of Health

                                                                                |

                                                            Deputy Minister

                                                                                |

                                                                Health Secretariat

                                                                Health secretary Incharge

                                                                                |

                                                                Deputy Secretary

                                                                                |

                                                                Director of Health Services

                                                                              |

      Deputy Director Health Services

                                                                                |

ADHS            ADHS      ADHS           ADHS          ADHS                ADHS        ADHS          ADHS

Medical         Nursing      MCH          Family        Nutrition           School          PHC            Health

Education                                             Welfare                                   Health                         Education

At district level Chief Medical Officer is responsible for all government hospitals in district. The following chart explains organization at various levels:

       City                                         Towns                            District                     District

Admn by Corporation      Admn by Municipality         Medical Officer          Health Officer

        |                                                      |                               |                                         |

  Mayor                                      Chairperson           Asst.  District MO Primary Health Center               

      |                                                        |                                |                          (Incharge MO)

Health Officer                        Health Officer                Medical Officer            Medical Officer

Primary health center cater to health needs of the rural areas.

Students must Watch

Q. Give importance of Nursing services and Medical Record Services in hospital.
Ans. Importance of Nursing services:
1.nursing service comprises the largest vital component of total health organisation. nurses are primary providers of patient care.
2. Nursing services constitutes more than half number of total employees in the hospital. It serves as the focal point of coordination required amongst different departments.
3. Nursing service encompass health promotion care and prevention of diseases, rehabilitation, teaching, counseling and support.
4. Nurses respect individuality, dignity and rights of every person, regardless of race, colour and socio-economic status.
     Thus nursing is a work of both the heart and soul and nursing services are the "backbone" of hospitals.
Importance of Medical record Services:
1.Medical record helps doctors as well as patients to get informed of the problems and plan & procedures adopted in course of conducting treatment.
2.Medical record acts as a means of providing necessary data in connection with the health of people, impact of specific disease at specific places to health sectors.
3.On the basis of good management of medical record, one can easily obtain the ways of rendering service, diagnosis pattern, way of treatment in the hospital.
4.Medical record plays a pivotal role in organisation which are specially involved in research work as well as imparting health education to the people.
5.The government can utilise medical records in the direction of making short as well as long term health strategies.
     Thus, systematic medical record plays a vital role in delivering proper health services to the people.

.Q. Write purpose, principles and contents of medical record.
Ans- 1) Purpose-
 To serve as a basis for planning & for continuity of patients care.
 It assists in protecting legal interest of the patient hospital & physician.
 It helps for communication among the physician & any professional contributing to the
patients care.
 It acts as a evidence for the patients illness & treatment during each hospital stay.
 It provides data for use in research and education.
 It serves as a basis for review study of the patient & evaluation of health care given to the
patient.
2) Principle-
 It must be accurately prepared.
 It must be properly stored & readily available.
 It must be easily accessible.
3) Contents- It must contain all important clinical information which should give immediate
knowledge to another physician who takes care of patient at any time in emergency complete
medical record is one which contain personal family history,history of patients present illness
The physical examination,clinical laboratory data,X-ray and other examinations,medical and
surgical treatment,pathological findings of patient progress notes,final diagnosis,condition on
discharge,regular follow up of the patient.If the death of patient has occur the medical record
also contains autopsy findings.